Dogmatic Theology · 19th century

Theological Commentaries, Part III: On the Division of the Divine Will into First and Second, and on the Universal Extent of the Restored Order

Carlo Passaglia (1812–1887) · translated from the Latin of the Roman edition of 1851

The author's name is also rendered Carolus Passaglia · Karolus Passaglia · Charles Passaglia

The third part of the Theological Commentaries of the Roman College theologian Carlo Passaglia, dedicated to Angelo Mai: one sustained inquiry, in three hundred and ten numbered sections, into the division of God's will into first and second — antecedent and consequent — and into the universal extent of the order restored through Christ. Passaglia begins with Chrysostom, who explains the distinction most fully, and follows it through John Damascene, Theophylact, Oecumenius, Anselm, Rupert, and Bernard. Then he gathers the witness of the whole Church, region by region — the author of On the Calling of All Nations and Prosper; the Churches of Alexandria, Africa, Spain, and Gaul; the Fathers of Italy and the Roman Pontiffs; and the doctors of Antioch, Asia, Pontus, Thrace, and Palestine — to show that God wills all men to be saved, that Christ died for all, and that the helps of grace are present to all. A long series of corollaries draws out the doctrine and meets the difficulty of the infants who die before the means of reparation can reach them, and the work closes with an exposition, clause by clause, of its principal testimony in Scripture, 1 Timothy 2:1–7: “who wills all men to be saved.” With Passaglia's own analytical Argument, linked to every section, and nearly three thousand notes. Rome, 1851. In English for the first time.

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Contents

The groupings and section titles are drawn from Passaglia's own analytical Argument.

Front Matter

I–XXXIII · The First and Second Will in Chrysostom, the Greek Writers, and the Latins

I. The subject matter of the treatment pp. 1
II. Chrysostom's doctrine concerning the division of the divine will into first and second pp. 1
Section III pp. 3–5
IV. The names, origin, and attributes of the first will pp. 5–6
Section V pp. 6–7
Section VI pp. 8
Section VII pp. 9–10
VIII. The names, origin, and attributes of the second will, and the relation of the latter to the first pp. 10–11
Section IX pp. 12–13
Section X pp. 13
Section XI pp. 13–17
XII. The universal amplitude of the first will pp. 17–19
Section XIII pp. 19–22
Section XIV pp. 22–23
XV. The heads of doctrine which are elicited by this division pp. 23–26
Section XVI pp. 26
XVII. The concordant opinion and manner of speaking of John Damascene pp. 27–28
Section XVIII pp. 30
Section XIX pp. 31
Section XX pp. 32–33
XXI. The testimonies of Theophylact pertaining to the same matter pp. 33–34
XXII. What is intended by the difference between the appellations by which each will is distinguished pp. 35–37
Section XXIII pp. 37–39
XXIV. The formulas and rationale by which Oecumenius sets forth and explains the same division of the divine will pp. 40–41
XXV. What the Latin writers thought concerning it; what in particular Anselm of Canterbury thought pp. 41–43
Section XXVI pp. 43–45
Section XXVII pp. 45–46
XXVIII. Anselm of Laon pp. 46–49
XXIX. Rupert of Deutz pp. 49–50
XXX. Bernard pp. 50–51
Section XXXI pp. 52–53
XXXII. A comparison of the formulas which the Greeks and Latins employed; a most similar, indeed the same, doctrine, although in different formulas, handed down by both pp. 53–55
Section XXXIII pp. 55–57

XXXIV–XLVI · The Suffrage of Other Witnesses

XXXIV. These things are confirmed by the suffrage of other witnesses; Atto of Vercelli pp. 57–60
XXXV. Hincmar of Reims pp. 60–63
Section XXXVI pp. 63–66
Section XXXVII pp. 66–68
XXXVIII. Paschasius Radbertus pp. 69–71
XXXIX. Paulinus of Aquileia pp. 71–74
XL. Venantius Fortunatus pp. 75–76
XLI. Salvian; the author of the *Praedestinatus*; Gennadius of Marseilles pp. 76–81
XLII. Avitus of Vienne; Isidore of Seville pp. 81–84
XLIII. Cassiodorus pp. 84–85
Section XLIV pp. 86–87
Section XLV pp. 87–90
XLVI. Fastidius; Gaudentius of Brescia pp. 90–94

XLVII–LXI · The Author of On the Calling of All Nations

XLVII. The doctrine of the author of *On the Calling of All Nations* is examined more accurately pp. 94–96
Section XLVIII pp. 96–99
XLIX. That Christ died for all pp. 99–101
Section L pp. 101–105
LI. That the helps of grace necessary for attaining salvation have always been present to all men pp. 106–107
Section LII pp. 107–109
LIII. Quesnel's opinion that the Anonymous establishes no universal grace other than external grace pp. 109–112
LIV. It is refuted, and first the hypotheses upon which it rests are refuted pp. 112–114
LV. The thesis itself is refuted pp. 114–119
Section LVI pp. 119–121
Section LVII pp. 121–123
LVIII. The connection by which interior gifts are joined with exterior gifts is established pp. 123–125
Section LIX pp. 126–128
Section LX pp. 128–130
Section LXI pp. 130–132

LXII–LXXI · Prosper

LXII. Prosper's agreement in the same sense; according to him, it must most sincerely be professed that God wills all men to be saved pp. 132–136
Section LXIII pp. 136–138
Section LXIV pp. 138–140
Section LXV pp. 140–142
Section LXVI pp. 142–143
Section LXVII pp. 143–146
Section LXVIII pp. 146–150
Section LXIX pp. 150–151
Section LXX pp. 151–155
Section LXXI pp. 155–158

LXXII–XCVIII · The Alexandrian Church

Section LXXII pp. 158–161
Section LXXIII pp. 161–163
Section LXXIV pp. 163–164
Section LXXV pp. 165–167
Section LXXVI pp. 167–169
Section LXXVII pp. 169–171
Section LXXVIII pp. 171–172
Section LXXIX pp. 172–175
Section LXXX pp. 175–176
Section LXXXI pp. 176–177
Section LXXXII pp. 178–179
Section LXXXIII pp. 180–183
Section LXXXIV pp. 183–185
Section LXXXV pp. 185–187
Section LXXXVI pp. 187–189
Section LXXXVII pp. 190–192
Section LXXXVIII pp. 192–195
Section LXXXIX pp. 195–196
Section XC pp. 197–199
Section XCI pp. 199–200
Section XCII pp. 200–203
Section XCIII pp. 203–205
Section XCIV pp. 205–208
Section XCV pp. 208–209
Section XCVI pp. 210–212
Section XCVII pp. 212–216
Section XCVIII pp. 216–218

XCIX–CXII · The African Church

XCIX. There is the concordant suffrage of the African Church, whose witnesses are Tertullian, Cyprian, Minucius Felix, Arnobius, Lactantius, Marius Victorinus, Optatus, Facundus, and Primasius pp. 218–222
Section C pp. 222–224
Section CI pp. 225–227
Section CII pp. 228–230
Section CIII pp. 230–233
Section CIV pp. 234–235
Section CV pp. 235–239
Section CVI pp. 239–243
Section CVII pp. 243–247
Section CVIII pp. 247–249
Section CIX pp. 249–252
Section CX pp. 253–255
Section CXI pp. 255–257
Section CXII pp. 257–260

CXIII–CXVI · The Churches of Spain

CXIII. The Churches of Spain support all these things, as is established by the wholly explicit words of Dracontius, Orosius, Marius Mercator, Prudentius, and Pacian pp. 260–263
Section CXIV pp. 263–265
Section CXV pp. 265–269
Section CXVI pp. 270–276

CXVII–CXXXIV · The Churches of Gaul

Section CXVII pp. 276–280
Section CXVIII pp. 280–284
Section CXIX pp. 284–286
Section CXX pp. 287–289
Section CXXI pp. 289–291
Section CXXII pp. 291–294
Section CXXIII pp. 294–297
Section CXXIV pp. 297–301
Section CXXV pp. 301–302
Section CXXVI pp. 303–305
Section CXXVII pp. 305–308
Section CXXVIII pp. 308–310
Section CXXIX pp. 310–312
Section CXXX pp. 312–314
Section CXXXI pp. 314–315
Section CXXXII pp. 315–318
Section CXXXIII pp. 318–321
Section CXXXIV pp. 321–322

CXXXV–CLV · The Fathers of Italy

Section CXXXV pp. 323–326
Section CXXXVI pp. 326–327
Section CXXXVII pp. 328–329
Section CXXXVIII pp. 330–332
Section CXXXIX pp. 332–334
Section CXL pp. 334–336
Section CXLI pp. 336–339
Section CXLII pp. 339–342
Section CXLIII pp. 342–344
Section CXLIV pp. 344–347
Section CXLV pp. 348–350
Section CXLVI pp. 351–352
Section CXLVII pp. 353–355
Section CXLVIII pp. 355–356
Section CXLIX pp. 357–359
Section CL pp. 359–362
Section CLI pp. 362–365
Section CLII pp. 365–368
Section CLIII pp. 368–371
Section CLIV pp. 371–374
Section CLV pp. 374–378

CLVI–CLXIV · The Roman Pontiffs

Section CLVI pp. 378–382
Section CLVII pp. 382–384
Section CLVIII pp. 384–388
Section CLIX pp. 388–391
Section CLX pp. 391–396
Section CLXI pp. 396–398
Section CLXII pp. 398–402
Section CLXIII pp. 402–405
Section CLXIV pp. 405–410

CLXV–CLXXXI · The Patriarchate of Antioch

Section CLXV pp. 410–414
Section CLXVI pp. 414–416
Section CLXVII pp. 417–421
Section CLXVIII pp. 421–424
Section CLXIX pp. 425–427
Section CLXX pp. 428–432
Section CLXXI pp. 432–435
Section CLXXII pp. 435–438
Section CLXXIII pp. 438–441
Section CLXXIV pp. 442–445
Section CLXXV pp. 445–449
Section CLXXVI pp. 449–453
Section CLXXVII pp. 453–458
Section CLXXVIII pp. 458–459
Section CLXXIX pp. 459–462
Section CLXXX pp. 462–465
Section CLXXXI pp. 465–466

CLXXXII–CXCVII · The Churches of Asia, Pontus, and Thrace

Section CLXXXII pp. 467–468
Section CLXXXIII pp. 468–472
Section CLXXXIV pp. 472–474
Section CLXXXV pp. 474–478
Section CLXXXVI pp. 478–483
Section CLXXXVII pp. 483–488
Section CLXXXVIII pp. 488–491
Section CLXXXIX pp. 491–493
Section CXC pp. 494–496
Section CXCI pp. 496–500
Section CXCII pp. 500–503
Section CXCIII pp. 503–507
Section CXCIV pp. 507–510
Section CXCV pp. 510–513
Section CXCVI pp. 513–516
Section CXCVII pp. 516–519

CXCVIII–CCIV · The Churches of Palestine

Section CXCVIII pp. 519–521
Section CXCIX pp. 521–526
Section CC pp. 526–529
Section CCI pp. 529–533
Section CCII pp. 533–535
Section CCIII pp. 535–538
Section CCIV pp. 538–540

CCV–CCLXXVIII · The Corollaries

CCV. The corollaries connected with the things which we have laid down thus far pp. 540–541
CCVI. Corollary I pp. 541–542
CCVII. Corollary II pp. 542–545
CCVIII. Corollary III pp. 545
CCIX. Corollary IV pp. 545–546
CCX. Corollary V pp. 546–547
CCXI. Corollary VI pp. 547
CCXII. Corollary VII pp. 548–549
CCXIII. Corollary VIII pp. 549–551
CCXIV. Corollary IX pp. 551–552
CCXV. Corollary X pp. 552
CCXVI. Corollary XI pp. 552–553
CCXVII. Corollary XII pp. 553
CCXVIII. Corollary XIII pp. 554
CCXIX. Corollary XIV pp. 554
CCXX. Corollary XV pp. 555
CCXXI. Corollary XVI pp. 555–556
CCXXII. Corollary XVII pp. 556–558
CCXXIII. Corollary XIX pp. 558
CCXXIV. Corollary XX pp. 559
CCXXV. Corollary XXI pp. 559–560
CCXXVI. Corollary XXII pp. 560–562
CCXXVII. Corollary XXIII pp. 562–563
CCXXVIII. Corollary XXIV pp. 563–564
CCXXIX. Corollary XXV pp. 564–565
CCXXX. Corollary XXVI pp. 565–566
CCXXXI. Corollary XXVII pp. 566–567
CCXXXII. Corollary XXVIII pp. 567
CCXXXIII. Corollary XXIX pp. 568
CCXXXIV. Corollary XXX pp. 568–569
CCXXXV. Corollary XXXI pp. 569
CCXXXVI. Corollary XXXII pp. 570
CCXXXVII. Corollary XXXIII pp. 570–571
CCXXXVIII. Corollary XXXIV pp. 571–572
CCXXXIX. Corollary XXXV pp. 572–573
CCXL. Corollary XXXVI pp. 573–574
CCXLI. Corollary XXXVII pp. 574
CCXLII. Corollary XXXVIII pp. 574–576
CCXLIII. Corollary XXXIX pp. 576
CCXLIV. Corollary XL pp. 576–577
CCXLV. Corollary XLI pp. 578
CCXLVI. Corollary XLII pp. 578–579
CCXLVII. Corollary XLIII pp. 579
CCXLVIII. Corollary XLIV pp. 580
CCXLIX. Corollary XLV pp. 580–581
CCL. Corollary XLVI pp. 581–582
CCLI. Corollary XLVII pp. 582–583
CCLII. Corollary XLVIII pp. 584
CCLIII. Corollary XLIX pp. 584–585
CCLIV. Corollary L pp. 585–586
CCLV. Corollary LI pp. 586–588
CCLVI. Corollary LII pp. 588–589
CCLVII. Corollary LIII pp. 589–590
CCLVIII. Corollary LIV pp. 590–593
CCLIX. Corollary LV pp. 593–594
CCLX. Corollary LVI pp. 594–597
CCLXI. Corollary LVII pp. 597–598
CCLXII. Corollary LVIII pp. 598–599
CCLXIII. Corollary LIX pp. 599–600
CCLXIV. Corollary LX pp. 600–601
CCLXV. Corollary LXI pp. 601–603
CCLXVI. Corollary LXII pp. 604–605
CCLXVII. Corollary LXIII pp. 606–607
CCLXVIII. Corollary LXIV pp. 607–610
CCLXIX. Corollary LXV pp. 611–613
CCLXX. Corollary LXVI pp. 613–614
CCLXXI. Corollary LXVII pp. 614–616
CCLXXII. Corollary LXVIII pp. 616–618
CCLXXIII. Corollary LXIX pp. 618–620
CCLXXIV. Corollary LXX pp. 620–622
Section CCLXXV pp. 622–624
CCLXXVI. A manifold response and seven hypotheses in all, by which a fact of this kind is not ill reconciled with the thesis which we have demonstrated pp. 624–627
Section CCLXXVII pp. 627–629
Section CCLXXVIII pp. 629–631

CCLXXIX–CCCX · The Principal Testimony of Scripture: I Tim. II. 1–7

CCLXXIX. Concerning the principal testimony of the Scriptures in which the doctrine of Tradition set forth concerning the first and second will and universal reparation is contained pp. 631–632
CCLXXX. It is found at I Tim. II. 1-7; it is recited and its true reading is established pp. 632–633
CCLXXXI. By internal and external arguments it is established that this testimony must be regarded as principal pp. 634–636
CCLXXXII. The connection by which its clauses cohere is explained pp. 636–637
Section CCLXXXIII pp. 637–641
Section CCLXXXIV pp. 641–644
CCLXXXV. An illustration of the interpretation from a similar saying of Christ pp. 644–648
CCLXXXVI. Concerning the second clause and the bond by which it is joined with the preceding one pp. 648–650
Section CCLXXXVII pp. 650–652
CCLXXXVIII. Grotius's opinion concerning the relation between the third clause and the preceding clauses; it is refuted by suitable arguments pp. 652–654
Section CCLXXXIX pp. 655–657
CCXC. What is intended by the expression, τοῦ σωτῆρος ἡμῶν θεοῦ, “of God our Savior” pp. 657–661
Section CCXCI pp. 661–662
Section CCXCII pp. 662–663
Section CCXCIII pp. 663–665
Section CCXCIV pp. 665–669
CCXCV. There is added a parallel passage from II Pet. III. 9 pp. 669–672
Section CCXCVI pp. 672–673
CCXCVII. This is followed by another found at Ezech. XVIII. 23 and XXXIII. 11 pp. 673–675
Section CCXCVIII pp. 675–678
CCXCIX. The origin of the salvific will is disclosed, and its infinite amplitude and singular power are shown pp. 678–680
Section CCC pp. 680–682
Section CCCI pp. 682–685
Section CCCII pp. 685–686
Section CCCIII pp. 687–690
Section CCCIV pp. 690–692
Section CCCV pp. 692–693
CCCVI. The universal scope of the salvific will is established pp. 693–698
Section CCCVII pp. 698–700
CCCVIII. Concerning the final clause, ὁ δοὺς ἀντίλυτρον ὑπὲρ πάντων, “who gave a ransom for all”; the force of τοῦ ἀντιλύτρου, “ransom,” is defined pp. 700–702
CCCIX. The extension of the words ὑπὲρ πάντων, “for all,” is likewise defined pp. 702–704
Section CCCX pp. 704–707

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