§ 1. A great part of wars, calamities, and seditions arises either from religion or under the pretext of religion; wherefore the matter must be treated at greater length. Although I treated it in my book On the Peace of Germany and in the conclusion to the Jubilee of Jubilees, nevertheless this book demands the same subject for itself here. For I think that posterity will be so eager to know about no other matter as about what was done in our most celebrated age. If anyone desires fuller details, let him consult the Jubilee of Jubilees.
§ 2. There are altogether two kinds of men who judge the affairs of religion. Some, considering the multitude and variety of opinions and their frequent change, utterly despise every religion; nevertheless they procure and read contentious books and disputations, so that they may feed their minds upon the quarrels of others. Having experienced their sneers and mockeries, Sibrandus Lubbertus avenges himself and describes them thus in his preface Against Faustus Socinus:
“The greatest part of men judges perversely concerning the labors and cares which doctors expend in explaining and defending Christian doctrine. For many laugh and scoff at Religion as empty fables and terrors contrived to strike the minds of men. These think that all controversies concerning the dogmas of Christian doctrine are merely disputes about words; and because in their own heart they laugh at every Religion and profess it for no other end than that they may rise in position, they measure the minds of others by their own. They are indignant and rage when they see that there is anyone who refuses to serve their desire and applaud their judgment.
“These men, swollen with worldly glory, complain that the common tranquility is disturbed by diversity of religion, although they themselves are often of so wanton a disposition that they suborn crafty men to forge new dogmas, so that, while pious doctors oppose them, they themselves may take pleasure in these spectacles and render hateful to the people the doctrine which they hate and nevertheless wish to appear to favor. It also happens that, when they intend in their mind to turn everything upside down, they stir up doctrinal disputes, or favor those who stir them up, and prevent the controversies raised in doctrine from being settled or decided by lawful judgment.
“And what is most miserable of all, although they are ignorant of the dogmas of Christian doctrine, they arrogate to themselves supreme judgment concerning them, just as if a blind man could judge rightly concerning colors. Those who are a little more moderate indeed take pleasure in purity of doctrine, but do not think it of such importance that for its sake we ought to undergo such great controversies and contests.”
§ 3. These men indeed are impious and abominable to God. The prophet David in Psalm 1:1 calls them לצים, “mockers.” They are more pestilential than all heretics; for heretics drive men into one error or more, but these despise every faith and every error and pass entirely into atheism. Thus they are χλευασταί, “reproachers, mockers,” as Aquila of Pontus translates it; they are παράνομοι, “transgressors,” as the fifth and sixth editions translate it; and ἐπηρέται, “impostors,” as Symmachus translates it.
Rabbi David says that לצים are men crafty in knowledge for evil, and cunning, and speaking evil above the sons of men, and placing reproach and evil upon the sons of men. For this reason the ancient translator of the Bible rendered the word “pestilential,” when he said: “And he has not sat in the chair of pestilence.” So also the Seventy translators: καὶ ἐν καθέδρα λοιμῶν, “and in the chair of pestilential men.” Indeed, Symmachus also says in Proverbs 20:1, λοιμὸς ὁ οἶνος, “wine is a pest.” And in Proverbs 9, where our translator renders לץ as “mocker,” the Seventy have κακός, “evil”; Symmachus says κἂν λοιμὸς γένῃ, “even if you become a pestilential man.”
Holy Scripture wished in so many ways to restrain mockers, so that it might be firmly established that nothing is more pestilential, especially in the cause of religion, than mockery and contempt. For they violate all the laws of nature, spread their poisons most swiftly, and oppose the truth more than any heretics. There are two causes of this.
§ 4. The first is the difficulty of the matters proposed for belief and their profundity, which is liable to the sneers of the ignorant. The gentiles formerly mocked Jews and Christians when they related the innocent nakedness of the first-created humans, the deceit of the serpent, and the flood of the world; they evaded all these things with sarcasms and blasphemous taunts. When had serpents ceased to speak? With what knife had God cut a rib out of Adam? Hence they wished either their own fables to be believed in the same manner or these things not to be believed. In our religion, how many things have mockers impiously jested against the most holy Trinity, the Incarnation, and the Cross of the LORD?
The other cause is that every true religion has certain laws and ceremonies by which humility of mind and patience are gravely and religiously exercised, and which appear to oppose liberty and human pride, which is most tenacious of its own dignity. Of this kind among the Jews was circumcision, on account of which they were a mockery to the gentiles. By way of insult they were called verpi, Apellae, and recutiti. Hence in Aristophanes, after a little slave had uttered many taunts against an old man, he closes them as if with a crowning flourish and swears that he thinks him Ἀπολίκωτον εἶναι, “to be circumcised.” Among Christians there are more such things, as to be baptized, anointed, to confess, to wash the feet of the saints, and other things which, as they are the power of God to us, so are foolishness to mockers.
Bitter sayings and jokes, however, possess great force to break men’s spirits. Hence many Jews who were ashamed of the sign of the covenant drew forward their foreskins, so that in any manner they might withdraw themselves from the impious witticisms of unbelievers.
Among these I also number those who profess a definite religion, but only for the sake of their own advantage; yet another religion, from which they know that their associates differ in the most fundamental way, they sometimes persecute with the greatest hostility and at other times acknowledge as true. Thus Bucer and others formerly acted.
§ 5. The year 1617 gave innumerable examples of τῆς χλευαστικῆς κυβείας, “derisive imposture”; for the subjects of all the jubilee sermons pertain to mockery of Catholics, by which nevertheless the entire Church of the martyrs together with the holy Fathers is treated with insult. But concerning that inconstancy in censuring and praising the same religion, reader, receive two notable demonstrations: Abraham Scultetus of Heidelberg and Matthias Hoe von Hoenegg, the Dresden preacher.
In an epistle to the Most Illustrious Louisa Juliana, widow of the Most Illustrious Frederick IV, Abraham numbers among the Evangelical princes the Most Serene Christian, king of Denmark; the Most Illustrious John George, elector of Saxony; likewise the Most Illustrious John Casimir and John Ernest, dukes of Saxony; likewise the princes of Brunswick and Württemberg and other princes who are Lutherans and would not tolerate Scultetus himself in their dominions. But in his sermon he enumerates many princes who expelled from their dominions that faith which the Dane, the Saxon, and the others profess, and proscribed Lutheran preachers; and on this account he praises GOD and insults the Lutherans.
Matthias Hoe practices altogether the same imposture upon both his prince and his helpers. For in his epistle to the Most Illustrious John George, elector of Saxony, page 2, he speaks thus:
Ja Ew. Churf. Gn haben vngezweifelt mit ihrem Christ=Löblichsten Exempel veil andern Potentaten/ vnd furnehme Euangelische Stände und ausserhalb dess Römischen Reichs angereitzet/ dass in underscheidenen Könichrichen/ Chur= vnd Furstenthumben/ Landen und Herrschafften/ die Euangelischen eben umb die Zeit/ ihr Jubelfest auch aussgeschrieben/ vnd mit grosser Andacht gehalten haben. Dann so viel nun mit der Zeit Nachrichtung zukommen/ so ist dergleichen geschehen/ in den beyden Königreichen Dennemarck vnd Schweden/ dergleichen ist geschehen in der Chur=Pfaltz/ vnd Brandenburg.
“Yes, Your Electoral Grace, by your most Christian and praiseworthy example, has undoubtedly incited many other potentates and eminent Evangelical Estates within and outside the Roman Empire, so that in various kingdoms, electorates and principalities, lands and lordships, the Evangelicals at the same time also proclaimed their jubilee festival and held it with great devotion. For, so far as reports have now reached us in the course of time, the same occurred in the two kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden; likewise it occurred in the Electoral Palatinate and Brandenburg.”
Behold, he calls the Palatine and Brandenburg jubilee Evangelical and says that it was completed with great devotion. Is it so, Matthias? Do you too Calvinize? Does the Calvinian jubilee seem to you Evangelical and devout? If it is so, it is therefore true; if Evangelical, if devout, then yours is false. Or are you one of those concealed Calvinians whom the Saxons fear?
“By no means,” you will say. “I hate the Calvinists; I ἴσον ᾄδω σύμπαντι—‘sing the same song to everyone’—for in my third sermon, page 15, I placed the Sacramentarians among the fanatics. These are my words”:
Hieher gehören insonderheit die Sacramentirer/ Zwinglianer/ vnd Calvinisten. Dieses Geschmeiss/ ihr meine geliebte im Herren/ hat in Warheit grosse Zerrüttung vnd Verwürrung/ hat ein grosses Gestenck in die Hochzeit Gottes gemacht/ vnd der reinen Göttlichen Lehr sich bösslich muthwillich vnd halssstärrig widersetzet.
“To this class belong especially the Sacramentarians, Zwinglians, and Calvinists. This dreg, my beloved in the Lord, has in truth brought great disturbance and confusion, and also a great stench, into the wedding feast of God, and has maliciously, wantonly, and stubbornly opposed itself to pure divine doctrine.”
These things indeed you say, and in the same sermon you approve everything whatever Luther said against the Zwinglians. But your cunning and cold words, coming from the same mouth, prove you an impostor and a mocker. The Calvinists celebrate a jubilee; in the court, as a political man, you profess that they do so piously, but in the church you condemn them. If in the Palatinate and the province of Brandenburg they maliciously, wantonly, and stubbornly oppose pure doctrine, then they cannot piously celebrate a jubilee amid so great an evil. It is the supreme degree of malice to glory in malice. These, then, are pests and mockers, one of whom speaks one way in the palace and another in the church.
§ 6. The other kind of men is vehement, harsh, zealous, ruinously in love with its own opinions, and eager to propagate the religion upon which it has fallen. Of this kind today are generally the Lutherans, who defend ubiquity, and the Calvinians whom they call the Rigid; for others generally call these men Zealots. But Sibrandus, in an epistle to the church which is in London, page 2, nevertheless depicts for us such men also among the “Soft” in the Low Countries:
“There are also arrogant and proud men who measure everything by vainglory and empty pomp and honor. When they see that it is reckoned a praise to learned men if they discover something new in other disciplines, they think that it will likewise be praiseworthy for themselves if they can innovate something in sacred Theology. Because they are ignorant of true Theology, they despair of being able to gain glory and a name by explaining or defending orthodox doctrine; yet because they swell with vainglory and burn with desire for praise, they disturb everything in order to become known. They prefer to become renowned by disturbing churches rather than to grow old without glory in the true and orthodox Religion.
“When they perceive that learned men are preferred to them, they are indignant; and because they can surpass those men neither in knowledge, nor piety, nor learning, nor eloquence, nor skill in action, nor any honorable art, they turn themselves to evil arts. They insinuate themselves into the court, so that they may crush, by the assistance and aid of courtiers, those whom they cannot conquer by virtue. And what is most shameful of all, they feign the orthodox religion, display zeal for defending sound doctrine, swear to the received confessions and catechisms, and attest this very oath by the signature of their own hand; and nevertheless with all their strength they attack sound and publicly received doctrine, cunningly instill a depraved and new doctrine into their disciples, denounce orthodox pastors and doctors through calumny, stir the civil magistrates against them, expel them from their seats, and substitute in their place pupils of their own errors, which they have sown.”
Religion, therefore, is tossed about between these men, for both parties threaten the pious and orthodox: the zealots press them with quarrels, calumnies, and war; the mockers rejoice inwardly, secure concerning the outcome.
§ 7. I showed in my books On the Peace of Germany that there is a great affinity between religion and political government. For the one draws the other with it and frequently changes it. All are led by religion, but in Germany among many men the ordinance of princes is more venerable than that of God. Hence religion has more frequently been changed in most parts of Germany, even in certain free cities of the empire, which nevertheless, because they do not depend upon the will of one man, are generally more persevering in their resolution than the others. Bremen, Wesel, and some other cities, after greedily drinking in Lutheranism, shortly afterward cast it out in disgust, not without a convulsion of the government and exiles among the leading men. Other cities, to the contrary, after initially professing Zwinglianism—as Memmingen, Lindau, Strasbourg, and Orlamünde—later inclined toward Lutheranism. But of these matters elsewhere and at another time. In order that you may see as if in a synopsis the condition of the princes with respect to religion, understand it thus: all the kings and princes of Europe, if you except the Turk, profess either the ancient faith, the Lutheran, or that which they call Reformed, whose leading standard-bearers were Carlstadt, Zwingli, and Calvin. Abraham Scultetus enumerates the Evangelical kings and princes in the following manner in his epistle to the Most Illustrious widow Louisa Juliana.
§ 8. At Heidelberg, 11 November 1617, at which time the following Evangelical kings, electors, princes, and magnates were alive and retained their dominion:
James, king of Great Britain.
Christian IV, king of Denmark.
Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden.
Frederick V, count palatine of the Rhine, duke of Bavaria, elector.
John George, duke of Saxony, elector.
John Sigismund, margrave of Brandenburg, elector.
The archbishops of Magdeburg and Bremen.
John, count palatine of the Rhine, duke of Zweibrücken.
John Casimir, duke of Saxony.
John Ernest, duke of Saxony.
George William, margrave of Brandenburg, duke of Jülich, Cleves, Berg, Prussia, etc.
John George, margrave of Brandenburg, duke of Prussia, Silesia, etc.
Joachim Ernest, margrave of Brandenburg and Ansbach.
Christian, margrave of Brandenburg and Kulmbach.
Frederick Ulrich, duke of Brunswick.
John Albert and his lord brother, dukes of Mecklenburg.
John Frederick, duke of Württemberg and Teck, count of Montbéliard.
Louis Frederick, duke of Württemberg and Teck, count of Montbéliard.
Frederick Achilles, duke of Württemberg and Teck, count of Montbéliard.
Magnus, duke of Württemberg and Teck, count of Montbéliard.
The dukes of Holstein, Pomerania, Lüneburg, and Lauenburg.
Maurice, landgrave of Hesse.
Louis, landgrave of Hesse.
Philip, landgrave of Hesse.
George Frederick, margrave of Baden.
John George, prince of Anhalt.
Christian, prince of Anhalt.
Augustus, prince of Anhalt.
Louis, prince of Anhalt.
Rudolf, prince of Anhalt.
Henry Wenceslaus, duke of Münsterberg and Oels, duke of Silesia, Berg, and Liegnitz.
Charles Wenceslaus, duke of Münsterberg and Oels, duke of Silesia, Berg, and Liegnitz.
John Christian, duke of Münsterberg and Oels, duke of Silesia, Berg, and Liegnitz.
George Rudolf, duke of Münsterberg and Oels, duke of Silesia, Berg, and Liegnitz.
Lord Maurice, prince of Orange.
Lord William, count of Nassau, governor of Frisia.
IN FRANCE, the chief lights and pillars of the Reformed Religion were:
Henry, duke of Bouillon, supreme marshal, father of two sons, of whom one was Frederick, prince of Sedan, the other Henry, viscount of Turenne.
Henry, duke of Thouars and La Trémoille, together with his brother, the lord de Soubise.
The duke de Sully and his son, the marquis de Rosny.
The duke de Lesdiguières.
The marquis de Candale, elder son of the duke d’Épernon.
The count de la Suse.
The count de Russy.
The lord vidame de Chartres.
Lord Philippe de Plessis Mornay.
The lord de la Force. And many other leading men, not to mention nobles in great number.
THROUGHOUT HUNGARY AND TRANSYLVANIA, patrons of the Reformed Churches:
Gabriel Bethlen, prince of Transylvania, lord of parts of the kingdom of Hungary, count of the Székelys.
Stephen Bethlen, captain of Huszt, prefect of Máramaros.
Francis Rhédey, count of Bihar county, captain of Várad.
Francis Perényi, count of Abaúj county.
George Perényi, count of Abaúj county.
Gabriel Perényi, count of Abaúj county.
Stephen Török, count of Hunyad, heir and captain of Pápa.
George Rákóczi, count of Sáros, captain of Ónod, and his brother,
Sigismund Rákóczi.
Francis Batthyány, count of Sopron county.
Nicholas Zrínyi, count of Zala county.
George Zrínyi, count of Zala county.
Paul Nádasdy, count of Vas county.
Thomas Nádasdy.
Stanislaus Thurzo de Bethlenfalva, count of Szepes.
Emeric Thurzo, count of Árva.
Peter Révay, count of Turóc.
The widow of Stephen Illésházy with her son, count of Trencsén.
Peter Forgách de Ghymes, free baron.
Nicholas Forgách de Ghymes, free baron, captain of Szécsény.
Michael Károlyi, free baron.
Stephen Nyáry, free baron.
Stephen Thököly, free baron in Késmárk.
Thomas Széchy, free baron, and his son George Széchy.
Sigismund Prépostváry, free baron.
John Lisztius, free baron.
Stephen Lisztius, free baron.
Nicholas Bocskai, free baron in Kővár.
Francis Bánffy de Losoncz, free baron.
Stephen Kákonyi, free baron.
David Zólyomi, free baron in Székelyhíd.
The widow of Francis Paczot.
Sigismund Máriássy.
Paul Máriássy.
Andrew Kapi.
Stephen Korlát, captain of Szendrő.
John Bakos in Osgyán.
Ladislaus Barkóczy, vice-count of Zemplén county.
Stephen Pétnéházy, count of Szaránd, captain in Jenő.
Wolfgang Kamuti.
Caspar Pető, captain of Gesztely.
Balthasar Kovács, captain of Galánk.
Thomas Oknai, captain of Szodény.
And very many other nobles and most distinguished citizens of cities and towns, Orthodox men.
IN THE KINGDOM OF POLAND, the following professed themselves followers of Evangelical truth:
Lord Rafał, count Leszczyński, castellan of Wiślica; the counts Ostroróg; the lords Łaski.
The lords Firlej, Sienieński, Urowiecki, Gorajski, Zbąski, Przyjemski, Orzechowski, Gołuchowski, Rej, Sieniuta, Broniewski, Dunikowski, Potocki, and innumerable others.
IN LITHUANIA, the most praiseworthy princes Lord Janusz and Krzysztof Radziwiłł were putting spurs to the course of the Gospel; for in other respects also they rendered helpful service to the Evangelical Church.
IN BOHEMIA, the baron Lord Wenceslaus of Budovitz.
IN MORAVIA, the baron Lord Charles of Zierotin.
IN SILESIA, the baron Lord George of Schönaich.
§ 9. Yet it must be particularly observed among these that those princes and provinces are partly Lutheran and partly, as they call it, Reformed. Next, a great part of the subjects of Reformed rulers are Lutherans and judge themselves to be placed under great persecution. Hitherto they have indeed awaited deliverance from the Evangelical Lutherans in vain; now they are compelled to condemn their hope and gradually receive the bridle. The Saxons bear witness to their vain hope in motive 12, why peace should not be made with the Calvinians:
“The Protestants would earn little gratitude—indeed, they would rather stir curses and groans against themselves—among those who live among the Calvinians and confidently and earnestly expect that they will shortly be liberated by the Estates of the Augsburg Confession and that Calvinism will be abolished, if those men should hear that the Protestants now play the same pipe with the Calvinists and concede, as the saying is, that five is even. If this were done, an occasion and cause would assuredly be furnished for no slight disturbances and movements in the Church of God among weak Christians.”
§ 10. The following princes cultivated and defended the Catholic Religion and celebrated a true Jubilee of constancy.
IN GERMANY, FROM THE HOUSE OF AUSTRIA:
Matthias, august emperor.
Ferdinand, king of Bohemia and Hungary.
Maximilian, archduke of Austria, grand master of the Teutonic Order.
Albert, archduke of Austria, duke of Brabant, etc.
Leopold, archduke of Austria, bishop of Strasbourg and Passau.
Charles, archduke of Austria, bishop of Brixen and Breslau.
John Schweikhard, archbishop of Mainz, elector, etc.
Ferdinand, archbishop of Cologne, elector, etc., duke of Bavaria, etc.
Lothar, archbishop of Trier, elector, etc.
William the Elder, duke of Bavaria, count palatine, etc.
Maximilian, duke of Bavaria, count palatine, etc.
Albert, duke of Bavaria, count palatine.
Wolfgang William, duke of Bavaria-Neuburg and Jülich, etc.
Emmanuel Philibert, duke of Savoy.
Henry of Lorraine, etc.; Francis of Lorraine, etc.
Very many bishops in Germany:
Mark, archbishop of Salzburg, legate of the Roman See.
John Gottfried, bishop of Bamberg and Würzburg, duke of East Franconia.
Philip Christopher, bishop of Speyer, supreme judge of the Imperial Chamber.
The reverend bishop of Chur.
George Gottfried, bishop of Worms.
Theodore, bishop of Paderborn.
James, bishop of Constance.
Henry, bishop of Augsburg.
William, bishop of Basel.
I omit the other princes, counts, barons, and magnates, as also the free cities and states in Germany and Switzerland.
IN ITALY:
Paul V, pontiff of the first See and of the Church, the mother of all, together with what they call the Ecclesiastical State. Next, the kingdom of Naples with Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, and Liguria. In these there is a great number of dukes, counts, and nobles.
If we add to these the noble and wealthy city of Venice, its dominions, and its islands, we shall produce such a great army of Roman blood and illustrious men that from one state we shall equal half the opposing party.
But what if I enumerate Etruria and the grand duke of Florence and his sons, and the family now grafted into the House of Austria? Their distinguished piety in defending the faith and religion is illustrious, and the Ottoman forces are cut down by their fleets.
In France the greater number are Catholics. These names were sent to me by a friend:
The King.
My lord the King’s brother.
The prince de Condé, prince of the blood.
The count de Soissons, prince of the blood.
OTHER PRINCES:
The lord de Guise.
The lord du Maine.
The lord de Nevers.
The lord de Longueville.
The lord de Vendôme.
The chevalier de Vendôme.
The lord de Saint-Paul.
The lord de Nemours.
The prince d’Auvergne.
The lord d’Elbeuf.
The prince de Joinville.
The lord de Chevreuse.
The count d’Harcourt.
The lord d’Alès.
The lord de Lauragne.
The duke de Retelois.
The duke de Fronsac.
DUKES:
The duke d’Épernon.
The duke d’Angoulême.
The duke de Montbazon.
The lord de Candale, duke d’Halluin.
The duke de Montmorency.
The lord de la Valette, colonel-general of France.
The Grand Esquire of France.
The duke de Ventadour.
The duke de Retz.
The duke de Roannez.
The duke d’Uzès.
MARSHALS OF FRANCE:
The marshal de Roquelaure.
The marshal de Brissac.
The marshal de Bois-Dauphin.
The marshal de Souvré.
The marshal de Vitry.
The marshal de Thémines.
The marshal de la Châtre.
MARQUISES:
The marquis de Rouillac.
The marquis de Mirebeau.
The marquis de Mortemart.
The marquis de Trans.
The marquis de Canisy.
The marquis de Vieuville.
The marquis de Villaine.
The marquis de Ruffec.
The marquis de Thémines.
The marquis de Sablé.
The marquis de la Verdin.
The marquis d’Éternel.
The marquis de Beuvron.
The marquis de Cœuvres.
The lord de Saint-Chamond.
The marquis de Moüy.
The marquis de Villeroy.
The marquis de Cortaubau.
The marquis de Villars.
The marquis d’Oraison.
The marquis de Marigny.
The marquis de Portes.
The marquis d’Allègre.
The marquis d’Estin.
The marquis de Ravel.
The marquis d’Omtesort.
The marquis d’Alluy.
The marquis de Sidul.
The marquis de Fimarcon.
The marquis de Mirepoix.
The marquis de Timbrune.
The marquis d’Araigny.
The marquis de Bressieulx.
The marquis de Cessac.
The marquis de Gimolz.
COUNTS:
The count de la Rochefoucauld.
The count de Saint-Aignan.
The count de Gramont.
The count du Lude.
The count de Lauzun.
The count de Torigny.
The count de Termes.
The count de Grampe.
The count de la Marque.
The count Chombere.
The count de Treme.
The count de Sancerre.
The count de la Voute.
The count de Curson.
The count de Carton.
The count de Mauleurier.
The count de Cars.
The count de Tonnerre.
The count de Cremail.
The count de Susse.
The count de Grignan.
The count de Vertu.
The count de Breme.
The count de Pegnillem.
The count de Tournon.
The count de l’Estrange.
The count de la Vedan.
The count de Frasque.
The count de Mauret.
The count de la Roche-Guyon.
The count de Carsses.
The count de Crisse.
The count de Gransay.
The count de Maille.
The count de Maran.
The count d’Aubigon.
The count de Sanzay.
The count de Chantel.
The count de Chasteau-Vilain.
The count de Chasteau-Neuf.
The count de Monranel.
The count d’Ax.
The count de Chiverny.
VISCOUNTS:
The viscount Duza.
The viscount de Pompadour.
The viscount de Brigul.
The viscount de Polignac.
The viscount d’Ambeterre.
The viscount de Pomy.
The viscount de Foncande.
The viscount de l’Arboust.
The viscount de Saint-Girons.
The viscount de Bordes.
The viscount de Poise.
The viscount de Cere.
The viscount de Chanemy.
The viscount de Clere.
The viscount de Marcossy.
The viscount de Dune.
THE CARDINALS:
Cardinal de Guise.
Cardinal de la Rochefoucauld.
Cardinal de Sourdis.
Cardinal du Perron.
Cardinal de Verneuil, bishop of Paris.
Cardinal de Verneuil, bishop of Metz.
The duke de Joyeuse, son of the lord de Guise, abbot of Fécamp and coadjutor of the archbishop of Narbonne.
BISHOPS:
The archbishop of Toulouse, son of the lord d’Épernon.
The bishop of Agde, son of the count d’Auvergne.
The bishop of Lodève, son of the lord de Ventadour.
The bishop of Comminges, son of the marshal de Souvré.
The bishop of Le Mans, son of the marshal de la Verdin.
The bishop of Viviers, son of the count de Suze, nephew of the lord du Maine.
The bishop of Marseille, brother of the lord de Saint-Luc.
More than forty knights of the Holy Spirit.
Moreover, many lords of rank bearing the titles of the King’s lieutenant in all the provinces of France, whom I would not know how to number for you, such as the lords de Goudrin, de Cregny, de Pralin, Bassompierre, d’Orlame, d’Alincourt, Montauban, who is prince of Guéméné, de Bordeille, d’Ambleville, de Montpessart, Denis the brother of the lord du Maine, de Liancourt the King’s first equerry, d’Andelot de Saint-Géran, and de Saint-Luc; and more than four thousand, if it were necessary to set down the whole.
Moreover, all the Parlements of France, which are all Catholic: namely, the Parlement of Paris, the Parlement of Toulouse, the Parlement of Rouen, the Parlement of Bordeaux, the Parlement of Rennes in Brittany, the Parlement of Dijon, the Parlement of Aix, the Parlement of Grenoble, and Sens.
But if one has a mind to proceed also westward from France and to behold the great kingdoms beyond the Pyrenees—kingdoms now allied to France by a double marriage—we shall find very many cultivators of the ancient religion. First, Philip III, the Catholic king, his three sons and two daughters. Next, the most powerful princes, whose catalogue, in the same manner in which it was transmitted to me by a most learned and most friendly man, I shall gladly render here to you, reader.
A Report of the Titles of Spain, the Amount of Each Man’s Annual Income, and Where Each Man Has His Estate
THE DUKE OF FRÍAS, marquis of Berlanga, count of Haro, lord of the house of los Siete Infantes de Lara, lord of the seven daughters, constable of Castile and great presiding judge, head of the house of los Velascos. His ancestral house is in Burgos; his estate is in Old Castile, the forests of Biscay, and Soria; annual income, 80,000 ducats.
THE DUKE OF MEDINA DE RIOSECO (“of the torrid river”), count of Módica and Melgar, viscount of Esterlin, admiral (thalassiarch) of Castile. He was born of royal blood from Don Fadrique, master of Santiago, who was a son of King Alfonso XI and natural brother of King Peter, surnamed the Cruel. He is head of the Enríquez family; his house is at Valladolid; his estate is in the province of Campos, Catalonia, and Seville; his income is 100,000 ducats.
THE DUKE OF ALBA and Huesca, marquis of Coria, count of Salvatierra, viscount of Saldires, lord of Valdecorneja (“valley of crows”), head of the house of Toledo. His ancestral house is at Salamanca; his estate is in Old Castile, the kingdom of Granada, and the borders of Portugal; his income is 80,000 ducats.
THE DUKE OF INFANTADO, marquis of Cenete and Santillana, lord of el Real de Manzanares—of the royal domains which derive from apples and the things pertaining to them—head of the house of los Mendozas. His house is at Guadalajara; his estate is in the kingdom of Toledo, the mountain forests of Old Castile, and the province of Álava; income, 80,000 ducats.
THE DUKE OF ALCALÁ DE LOS GAZULES, marquis of Tarifa, count of Burno and Villamartín, adelantado mayor of Andalusia, head of the house of Riberas. His ancestral house is at Seville; his estate is in the same kingdom; income, 150,000 ducats.
THE DUKE OF ALBURQUERQUE, count of Buendía, head of the Cuevas family. He has his estate in Alburquerque and a house in Extremadura and Old Castile; 40,000 ducats.
THE DUKE OF ESCALONA, marquis of Villena and Moya, count of Saint Stephen, head of the Pacheco family. His house is at Toledo; his estate is in the kingdom of Murcia; he has 130,000 ducats annually.
THE DUKE OF OSUNA, marquis of Peñafiel, count of Ureña, head of the house of Girón. He has his house or seat at Peñafiel, and his estate in the kingdom of Seville; 100,000 ducats yearly.
THE DUKE OF ARCOS, marquis of Zahara, count of Marchena, head of the Ponce de León family. His house is in Seville, and his estate there also; 80,000 ducats yearly.
THE DUKE OF BÉJAR, marquis of Gibraleón, count of Benalcázar, head of the Zúñiga de Sotomayor family. His house is in Seville; his estate is there and in Old Castile; 70,000 ducats annually.
THE DUKE OF GANDÍA, marquis of Lombay, head of the Borja family. His house is at Valencia, and his estate in the same kingdom; 60,000 ducats.
THE DUKE OF SESSA, count of Cabra and Baena, head of the Córdoba and Aguilar families. His house is at Córdoba and Granada; he has his estate in the same kingdom of Granada; annual income, 70,000 ducats.
THE DUKE OF MEDINACELI, marquis of Cogolludo, count of El Puerto de Santa María, head of the Cerda family. He has his house at Medinaceli and his estate in the kingdom of Toledo; 50,000 ducats.
THE DUKE OF MEDINA SIDONIA, marquis of Sanlúcar de Barrameda, count of Niebla (“cloud or vapors”), head of the Guzmán family. He has his house in Seville and in the port of Sanlúcar, his estate in the kingdom of Seville, and an annual income of 130,000 ducats.
THE DUKE OF MAQUEDA, marquis of Elche, head of the Cárdenas family. He has his estate in the kingdoms of Toledo and Valencia; 40,000 ducats yearly.
THE DUKE OF NÁJERA, count of Treviño, Valencia, and Don Juan, head of the house of Manríquez de Lara. He has his house in Nájera, his estate in the province of La Rioja, and an income of 50,000 ducats.
THE DUKE OF FERIA, marquis of Zafra, head of the Figueroa family. He reports his estate in Extremadura, his house in Zafra, and 50,000 ducats.
THE DUKE OF CARDONA AND SEGORBE, marquis of Comares, lord in Lucena, alcaide of los Donceles, joined by blood to the kings of Aragon and to the house of La Cerda. He has his house at Valencia, Cardona, and Barcelona, his estate in the kingdoms of Valencia and Catalonia and at Córdoba, and an annual income of 110,000 ducats.
THE DUKE OF SOMMA, marquis of Palamós, Neapolitan admiral from the house of Córdoba. He has his house at Belpuig and an income of 40,000 ducats.
THE DUKE OF VILLAHERMOSA (καλοπόλις, “beautiful city”), count of Ribagorza, from the family and blood of the kings of Aragon. He has his house at Zaragoza, his estate in the kingdoms of Aragon and Valencia, and 25,000 ducats annually.
THE DUKE OF PASTRANA, prince of Éboli, head of the Silva house of the kingdom of Portugal, whence Ruy Gómez de Silva came into Castile. He has his house at Madrid and Pastrana and an income of 50,000 ducats.
THE DUKE OF FRANCAVILLA, prince of Mélito, from the house of Mendoza. He has his house at Toledo, his estate in the same kingdom, and reckons 40,000 ducats yearly.
THE GREATER MARQUISES:
THE MARQUIS OF ASTORGA, count of Trastámara, lord of the house of Villalobos, head of the Osorio family. He has his house at Astorga, his estate in the kingdom of León and the province of Campos, and 50,000 ducats.
THE MARQUIS OF AGUILAR, count of Castañeda, from the house of Manríquez de Lara. He has his ancestral house at Carrión and Aguilar de Campos, his estate in the mountains and the province of Campos, and an income of 40,000 ducats.
THE MARQUIS OF DENIA, count of Lerma, head of the Rojas family. His house is at Denia and Valencia, his estate in the same kingdom and in Old Castile, and his income 25,000 ducats.
THE MARQUIS OF MONDÉJAR, count of Tendilla, from the house of Mendoza. He has his house at Mondéjar, his estate in the Alcarria, and an income of 36,000 ducats.
THE MARQUIS OF NAVARRÉS, master of Montesa, chief and head of the Borja family. He has his house at Valencia, his estate there, and an income of 20,000 ducats.
THE MARQUIS OF PRIEGO, lord of the house of Aguilar and Córdoba. He has his house there at Córdoba, his estate in the aforesaid kingdom, and an income of 50,000 ducats.
THE MARQUIS OF SARRIA, count of Lemos and Castro, lord of Villalba and Ulloa, head of the house of Castro. He has his house at Lemos and Sarria, his estate in the kingdom of Galicia, and an income of 80,000 ducats.
THE MARQUIS OF LOS VÉLEZ, adelantado of Murcia, from the house of Fajardo. He has his house at Los Vélez, his estate in the kingdom of Murcia, and an income of 60,000 ducats.
THE MARQUIS OF SANTA CRUZ, from the house of Bazán, created a judge with supreme authority on 23 January 1584. He has his house at Granada and 36,000 ducats annually.
THE MARQUIS OF VILLAFRANCA, from the house of Toledo. He has 30,000 ducats annually.
THE MARQUIS OF VELADA, from the Ávila Toledo family. He has his house at Ávila and Velada and an income of 20,000 ducats.
THE LESSER MARQUISES:
THE MARQUIS OF AYAMONTE, from the house of Zúñiga. His ancestral house is at Seville, his estate in the same kingdom, and his income is 26,000 ducats.
THE MARQUIS OF ALTAMIRA, from the house of Rojas. He has his house at Altamira and an income of 12,000 ducats.
THE MARQUIS OF VIANA, from the Pimentel family. His house is at Valladolid, his estate in the kingdom of Galicia; 14,000 ducats.
THE MARQUIS OF CAMARASA AND SABROSO, count of Ricla, adelantado of Cazorla, from the house of Cobos and Mendoza. His house is at Valladolid, his estate in Catalonia, and his annual income 50,000 ducats.
THE MARQUIS OF CORTES, from the house of Toledo. His ancestral house is at Cortes, his estate in the kingdom of Navarre; 16,000 ducats.
THE MARQUIS OF MONTEMAYOR, from the house of Silva. His house is at Montemayor, his income 15,000 ducats.
THE MARQUIS OF LA GUARDIA DE SANTA EUGENIA, head of the Mexía family. His house is at Salamanca, his estate in the kingdom of Jaén, and his income 40,000 ducats.
THE MARQUIS OF MONTESCLAROS, from the house of Mendoza. His house is at Guadalajara; 16,000 ducats.
THE MARQUIS OF LAS NAVAS, head of the Ávila family. His house is in the city of Ávila, his estate in its neighboring district; 16,000 ducats annually.
THE MARQUIS OF POZA, from the house of Rojas. His houses are at Valladolid, Poza, and Madrid, his estate in Old Castile; 20,000 ducats.
THE MARQUIS OF ESTEPA, from the house of Centurión of Genoa. His house is at Estepa, his estate in the kingdom of Seville; 25,000 ducats.
THE MARQUIS OF TÁBARA, from the Pimentel family. His house is at Valladolid, his estate in Old Castile; 16,000 ducats.
THE MARQUIS OF VILLAMANRIQUE, head of the Portocarrero family. His house is at Seville, his estate in Extremadura; 16,000 ducats.
THE MARQUIS OF VILLANUEVA DEL RÍO, head of the Enríquez family. His house is situated at Seville; 25,000 ducats annually.
THE MARQUIS OF LA ADRADA, from the house of la Cueva. His house is situated at La Adrada, his estate in the kingdom of Toledo; he has 10,000 ducats annually.
THE MARQUIS OF CAÑETE, from the house of Mendoza. His house is at Cañete, his estate in its district and borders; 15,000 ducats annually.
THE MARQUIS OF FRÓMISTA, from the houses of Benavides and Enríquez. His house is at Frómista, his estate in the province of Campos and Old Castile; he has 10,000 ducats annually.
THE MARQUIS OF FALCES, head of the Peralta family. His house is in the city, his estate in the kingdom of Navarre; 8,000 ducats.
THE MARQUIS DEL VALLE, from the house of Cortés. His house is at Seville, his estate in New Spain; 50,000 ducats.
THE MARQUIS OF ARDALES, count of Teba, head of the Guzmán family. His house is in the city of Málaga, his estate in the kingdom of Seville; 16,000 ducats.
THE MARQUIS OF ALCALÁ DE LA ALAMEDA, from the Portocarrero family. He has his house at Seville and 1,000 ducats each year.
THE MARQUIS OF ALCAÑICES, from the Enríquez family. He has his house at Alcañices and his estate in its district; 16,000 ducats.
THE MARQUIS OF AGUILAFUENTE, from the house of Zúñiga. His house is at Ráfales, his estate in Old Castile, and his income 12,000 ducats.
THE MARQUIS OF PIOZA, from the Ulloa family. His house is at Valladolid; 12,000 ducats.
THE MARQUIS OF VILLAMANRIQUE, from the house of Zúñiga. His house is at Seville, his estate in the same kingdom; 16,000 ducats.
THE MARQUIS OF AUÑÓN, from the house of Herrera. His house is at Madrid, his estate in the Alcarria; 25,000 ducats.
THE MARQUIS OF MOLINA has his house in the same place and an income of 6,000 ducats.
THE MARQUIS OF CERRALBO, from the house of Castro. He has his house at Ciudad Rodrigo, his estate in its borders or jurisdiction, and 8,000 ducats.
COUNTS OF THE FIRST CLASS:
THE COUNT OF BENAVENTE, head of the Pimentel family. He has his house at Valladolid, his estate in the region of Campos, and an income of 100,000 ducats.
THE COUNT OF ALBA DE LISTE, from the Enríquez family. He reports his house at Zamora, his estate in Old Castile, and an income of 40,000 ducats.
THE COUNT OF MIRANDA, head of the house of Acuña and Avellaneda. He reports his house at Peñaranda—
—his estate in Old Castile, and an income of 35,000 ducats.
THE CONSTABLE OF THE KINGDOM OF NAVARRE, from the house of Toledo. He has his house at Pamplona, his estate at Aoiz in the kingdom of Navarre, and an income of 25,000 ducats.
COUNTS OF THE SECOND CLASS:
THE COUNT OF SALINAS AND RIBADEO, from the houses of Avellaneda and Mendoza. The ancestral seat is at Burgos and the estate in Biscay and its mountains. On account of the brave deeds of his ancestors for the king of Castile in the conquest of the city of Toledo, he has the privilege of dining together with the king of Castile on the days of Easter and the Nativity; and the royal garments fall to him, likewise the horse and drinking vessel which the king uses on those days. He has 20,000 ducats.
THE COUNT OF AGUILAR, head of the Arellano family. He has his seat in the city of Demanda, his estate in La Rioja and the jurisdiction of Cameros, and an income of 15,000 ducats.
THE COUNT OF ARANDA, from the house of Urrea, lord of Almormo. He has his seat or family—that is, ancestral—house at Aranda, his estate in Aragon, and an income of 16,000 ducats.
THE COUNT OF ALCAUDETE, from the house of Córdoba. He has his ancestral seat at Alcaudete and reckons 8,000 ducats in annual income.
THE COUNT OF AYTONA, from the house of Moncada. He has his ancestral seat at Barcelona, his estate in Catalonia; 14,000 ducats.
THE COUNT OF ALTAMIRA, from the house of Moscoso. He has his seat at Altamira and an income of 8,000 ducats.
THE COUNT OF BUENDÍA, lord of Dueñas, from the house of Acuña. He has his seat at Dueñas, his estate in the land of Campos, and reckons 20,000 ducats annually.
THE COUNT OF AYLLÓN, from the houses of Ayllón and Córdoba. He has his seat at Ayllón and an income of 8,000 ducats.
THE COUNT OF BELCHITE, from the house of Híjar. He has his house at Zaragoza, his estate in Aragon, and an income of 10,000 ducats.
THE COUNT OF CASTELLAR, head of the Saavedra family. He has his seat at Seville, his estate in the same kingdom, and an income of 14,000 ducats.
THE COUNT OF CASTRO, from the houses of Mendoza and Manríquez. He has his house at Castro and 10,000 ducats annually.
THE COUNT OF CHINCHÓN, head of the Bobadilla family. He has his seat at Madrid, his estate in the kingdom of Toledo, and 40,000 ducats annually.
THE COUNT OF CIFUENTES, head of the Silva family. He has his house at Toledo, his estate in the same kingdom of Toledo; 25,000 ducats.
THE COUNT OF CORUÑA, from the house of Mendoza. He has his house at Guadalajara and an income of 20,000 ducats.
THE COUNT OF FUENSALIDA, head of the Ayala family. He has his house at Toledo, his estate in the same kingdom, and an income of 20,000 ducats.
THE COUNT OF CANIMO has his house there at Canimo and 6,000 ducats.
THE COUNT OF GELVES, head of the house of Portugal. He has his house at Seville and his estate in the kingdom of Seville; 22,000 ducats annually.
THE COUNT OF GOMERA, from the house of Ayala. He has his house at Gomera; 16,000 ducats annually.
THE COUNT OF OLIVARES, from the house of Guzmán. He has his house at Seville, his estate in the same kingdom, and an income of 40,000 ducats.
THE COUNT OF COCENTAINA, head of the Corella family. He has his house at Valencia, his estate in the same kingdom of Valencia; 14,000 ducats.
THE COUNT OF FUENTES in Aragon, head of the house of Heredia. He has his estate in that kingdom, his house at Zaragoza, and 10,000 ducats.
THE COUNT OF MEDELLÍN, from the Portocarrero family. He has his house at Medellín, his estate in Extremadura, and 35,000 ducats.
THE COUNT OF MONTEAGUDO, marquis of Almazán, from the house of Mendoza. He has his house at Almazán, his estate in the kingdom of Aragon, and 18,000 ducats annually.
THE COUNT OF MONTERREY, from the house of Acevedo. He has his house at Salamanca, his estate in the kingdom of Galicia, and an income of 18,000 ducats.
THE COUNT OF OROPESA and of La Deleitosa (“the delightful”), lord of Segulla, from the house of Toledo. He has his house at Talavera, his estate in the kingdom of Toledo, and an income of 35,000 ducats.
THE COUNT OF ISERNO, from the Manríquez family. He has his house at Valladolid, his estate in Old Castile, and an income of 20,000 ducats.
THE COUNT OF OÑATE, head of the Guevara family. He has his house at Oñate, his estate in the province of Álava, and an income of 10,000 ducats.
THE COUNT OF MORATA, from the house of Luna. He has his house at Morata, his estate in Aragon, and an income of 12,000 ducats.
THE COUNT OF ORGAZ, from the house of Mendoza. He has his house at Orgaz and 12,000 ducats annually.
THE COUNT OF LA PUEBLA, from the house of Cárdenas. He has his house at Llerena, his estate in Extremadura and the kingdom of Granada, and 18,000 ducats.
THE COUNT OF PRIEGO, from the houses of Carrillo and Mendoza. He has his house at Guadalajara and Priego, his estate in the mountain forests of Cuenca, and 12,000 ducats.
THE COUNT OF PUÑONROSTRO, head of the Arias family. He has his house at Madrid, his estate in the kingdom of Toledo, and an income of 20,000 ducats.
THE COUNT OF PAREDES, from the Manríquez family. He has his house at Paredes, his estate in the province of Campos, and 14,000 ducats.
THE COUNT OF RIBADAVIA, from the house of Avellaneda. He has his house at Valladolid, his estate in the kingdom of Galicia, and 10,000 ducats annually.
THE COUNT OF SÁSTAGO, from the house of Alagón. He has his house at Zaragoza, his estate in Aragon, and an income of 18,000 ducats.
THE COUNT OF SAINT STEPHEN, head of the Benavides family. He has his house at Úbeda, his estate in the kingdom of Aragon, and an income of 15,000 ducats.
THE COUNT OF GELVES, from the house of La Cerda. He has his house at Gelves and 8,000 ducats annually.
THE COUNT OF BARAJAS, head of the Zapata family. He has his house at Madrid, his estate in the kingdom of Toledo, and an income of 12,000 ducats.
THE COUNT OF LA PUEBLA DE MONTALBÁN, from the houses of Girón and Pacheco. He has his house at Puebla de Montalbán, his estate in Extremadura, and an income of 20,000 ducats.
THE COUNT OF BAILÉN, from the house of Ponce de León. He has his house at Bailén, his estate in the kingdom of Jaén, and 16,000 ducats.
THE COUNT OF NIEVA, from the Velasco family. He has his house at Nieva, his estate in La Rioja, and reckons 12,000 ducats from his annual income.
THE COUNT OF SALVATIERRA, from the house of Ayala. He has his house at Salvatierra, his estate in the province of Campos, and 10,000 ducats from his annual income.
THE COUNT OF LUNA has his estate in León and his house there, and 20,000 ducats.
THE COUNT OF LA GUERRA, from the house of the Carrillos, has an income of 60,000 ducats.
THE COUNT OF UCEDA, from the house of the Mexías, has his house at Ávila and reckons 10,000 ducats from his annual revenue.
THE COUNT OF FUENSALDAÑA has his house at Valladolid, his estate in Old Castile, and 8,000 ducats from his annual income.
THE COUNT OF LODOSA, from the house of … has his house in the kingdom of Navarre, together with his estate, and has an income of 8,000 ducats.
THE COUNT OF SANTA GADEA, adelantado of Castile, from the house of the Padillas and Acuñas, has his house at Santa Gadea and an income of 20,000 ducats.
THE COUNT OF ALMENARA, from the house of the Próxitas, has his house at Valencia, his estate in the same kingdom, and an income of 8,000 ducats.
THE COUNT OF OLIVA, head of the family or house of the Centellas, has his house at Valencia and his estate in the same kingdom; 18,000 ducats.
THE COUNT OF ALBAIDA, head of the family, or chief of those bearing the surname of Milán, has his house at Albaida, his estate in the kingdom of Valencia, and an income of 10,000 ducats.
THE COUNT OF ELDA, chief of his family, of the house of the Colomas, has his estate in the kingdom of Valencia and his house at Elda; 8,000 ducats.
VISCOUNTS:
THE VISCOUNT OF PERALTA has an annual income of 6,000 ducats.
THE VISCOUNT OF GUEBULI has an income of 8,000 ducats.
THE VISCOUNT OF CHELVA has an income of 6,000 ducats.
ADMIRALS, OR COMMANDERS OF THE SEA:
THE ADMIRAL OF CASTILE has an income of 40,000 ducats.
THE ADMIRAL OF ARAGON has an income of 80,000 ducats.
THE ADMIRAL OF VALENCIA has an income of 10,000 ducats.
ADELANTADOS:
THE ADELANTADO OF ZARAGOZA, 12,000 ducats.
THE ADELANTADO OF GALICIA, 8,000 ducats.
THE ADELANTADO OF CANANA, 10,000 ducats.
THE ADELANTADO OF CASTILE, 12,000 ducats.
PRIORS OF SAINT JOHN:
THE PRIOR OF SAINT JOHN OF THE KINGDOMS OF CASTILE AND LEÓN has an income of 100,000 ducats.
THE PRIOR OF SAINT JOHN OF CATALONIA, 14,000 ducats.
THE PRIOR OF SAINT JOHN OF VALENCIA, 7,000 ducats.
THE PRIOR OF SAINT JOHN OF ARAGON has an annual revenue of 6,000 ducats.
THE PRINCE OF ASCOLI, head of the Leyvas, has his house in the city of Santo Domingo, his estate in the province of La Rioja and in a duchy of the kingdom of Naples, and an income of 50,000 ducats.
MASTERS:
THE MASTER OF SANTIAGO, who is the king himself, has 200,000 ducats annually.
THE MASTER OF CALATRAVA has 100,000 ducats.
THE MASTER OF ALCÁNTARA, 100 ducats.
His Royal Majesty claims these three masterships for himself.
ARCHBISHOPS:
The archbishop of Toledo, 200,000 ducats.
Of Seville, 100,000 ducats.
Of Santiago, 60,000 ducats.
Of Granada, 50,000 ducats.
Of Zaragoza, 50,000 ducats.
Of Valencia, 60,000 ducats annually.
Of Tarragona, 20,000 ducats.
Of Burgos, 40,000 ducats.
BISHOPS:
Of León, 16,000 ducats.
Of Úbeda, 12,000 ducats.
SUFFRAGAN BISHOPS UNDER THE ARCHBISHOPRIC OF TOLEDO:
Of Sigüenza, 40,000 ducats.
Of Cuenca, 36,000 ducats.
Of Córdoba, 40,000 ducats.
Of Segovia, 20,000 ducats.
Of Palencia, 30,000 ducats.
Of Osma, 20,000 ducats.
SUFFRAGAN BISHOPS OF THE ARCHBISHOPRIC OF SANTIAGO:
Of Plasencia, 40,000 ducats annually.
Of Salamanca, 20,000 ducats.
Of Coria, 25,000 ducats.
Of Astorga, 20,000 ducats.
Of Badajoz, 20,000 ducats.
Of Ciudad Rodrigo, 14,000 ducats.
Of Orense, 8,000 ducats.
Of Tuy, 7,000 ducats.
Of Mondoñedo, 7,000 ducats.
Of Zamora, 16,000 ducats.
Of Lugo, 6,000 ducats.
SUFFRAGAN BISHOPS OF THE ARCHBISHOPRIC OF ZARAGOZA:
Of Pamplona, 16,000 ducats.
Of Calahorra, 16,000 ducats.
Of Huesca, 12,000 ducats.
Of Barbastro, 8,000 ducats.
Of Tarazona, 16,000 ducats.
SUFFRAGAN BISHOPS OF THE ARCHBISHOPRIC OF SEVILLE:
Of Cádiz, 14,000 ducats.
Of Jaén, 30,000 ducats.
Of Ávila, 20,000 ducats.
SUFFRAGAN BISHOPS OF THE ARCHBISHOPRIC OF VALENCIA:
Of Cartagena, 12,000 ducats.
Of Orihuela, 8,000 ducats.
Of Segorbe, 8,000 ducats.
Of Albarracín, 8,000 ducats.
Of Majorca.
SUFFRAGAN BISHOPS OF THE ARCHBISHOPRIC OF GRANADA:
Of Málaga, 30,000 ducats.
Of Almería, 13,000 ducats.
Of Guadix, 12,000 ducats.
SUFFRAGAN BISHOPS OF THE ARCHBISHOPRIC OF TARRAGONA:
Of Girona, 10,000 ducats annually.
Of Lérida, 10,000 ducats annually.
Of Urgell, 8,000 ducats annually.
Of Elna, 7,000 ducats annually.
Of Urque, 6,000 ducats annually.
Of Barcelona, 8,000 ducats annually.
Of Cerdanya, 4,000 ducats annually.
Of Tortosa, 12,000 ducats annually.
But if one should also choose to traverse in thought the kingdoms of the Indies, their nations and powerful peoples, we shall produce a number twice as great as that of those who are scattered among the various sects. So many names of praetors, governors, and naval commanders—
—would have to be recounted that I think I would produce weariness and resentment.
But now let us revisit the North and enter Poland, noble in men, arms, and—what is chief—in cultivated nobility. There first come before us King Sigismund, of pious and courageous spirit and experienced in achievements, his son Vladislaus, the emulator of his father’s virtue, and the rest of the royal offspring.
There follow the princes and lords of the court of the Most Serene Archduke Albert.
The prince of Orange, who died most steadfast in the Catholic faith in the year of the Lord 1618, on 20 February.
The duke of Aerschot, count of Azenberg, knight of the Golden Fleece.
The duke of Chimay, count of Beaumont, lord of Avesnes and count of Zevenbergen.
The knight of Arenberg.
The duke of Croÿ, marquis of Havré, count of Fontenoy, knight of the Golden Fleece.
The baron of Fénétrange, brother of the duke of Croÿ.
The prince of Ligne, knight of the Golden Fleece, governor and captain of the county of Artois.
The marquis of Roubais, his son.
The count of Egmont, knight of the Golden Fleece, governor and captain-general of the county of Namur.
The prince of Gavre, his son.
Frederick, count of Bergh, count of Boxmeer, knight of the Golden Fleece, governor and captain-general of Guelders, the duchy, and the county of Zutphen.
Count Henry of Bergen, lord of Stevensweert, his brother.
The count of Berlaymont and of Lalaing, knight of the Golden Fleece, governor and captain-general of the duchy of Luxembourg and the county of Chiny.
The count of Champlitte, knight of the Golden Fleece, vice-captain-general of Burgundy and Charolais.
The marquis of Varambon, knight of the Golden Fleece.
The baron of Balançon, his brother.
The marquis of Marnay, count of Pont-de-Vaux, knight, etc.
The count of Solre, knight of the Golden Fleece.
The count of Hoogstraten.
The count of Bossu.
The count of Bucquoy, knight of the Golden Fleece, lieutenant and captain-general and grand bailiff of Hainaut, and count of Hautekerke.
The prince of Barbançon.
The count of Reulx.
The count of Megen.
The marquis of Renty.
The marquis of Trazegnies.
The count of Vertain.
The count of Hénin, duke of Bournonville.
The count of Beaurieux.
The count of Frezin.
The count of Sainte-Aldegonde, governor and captain of the duchy of Limburg, of Valkenburg, Dalhem, and Rode-le-Duc.
The count of Noyelles.
The count of Warfusée.
The count of Middelburg.
The count of Enghien.
The count of Falais.
The count of Croix.
The count of Estaires.
The count of Willerval.
The count of Bailleul.
The count of Bassigny, baron of Boxtel.
The baron of Grimbergen.
The lord of Bredam.
The lord of Marle, in whose hands is the highest charge of the treasury.
The lord of Coppigny, who also is a treasurer.
The marquis Spinola, captain and commander, governor-general of Belgium in the name of the Catholic king and of the archduke.
The count of Añover, prefect of the archduke’s court and stable.
The marquis of Belvedere, commander-general of the cavalry.
The count of Fürstenberg.
The marquis of Malaspina, an ordinary officer in the court of the Most Serene Archduke.
When I showed Abraham Scultetus’s catalogue to a noble and learned man born in Poland, he wrote back to me in this manner; for I thought it advisable to set down his own words:
“Of all those families which the heresiarch cites on his own behalf, some persons have denied the faith; nevertheless, the chief heads of those same lines have remained uncorrupted from the ancient time when the Roman Catholic faith was brought in, and they persevere steadfastly to this day. For of the Lesnow family of Lesno, and of their line, which he cites on his own behalf, even at the present time there exist as many ardent Roman Catholics as neither the man who cites them nor the man cited by him can number the hairs upon their heads.
“Moreover, all the counts of Ostroróg—with the exception of the one cited—exist not only as defenders of the Roman Catholic religion but also as its most vigorous champions, distinguished for faith, wisdom, and power. Their head and chief, the palatine of Poznań, in a recent judgment at the public disputation at Lublin, condemned the new Gospel and its followers with a most weighty judgment.
“Of the very numerous progeny of the Firlejs, if only two, enveloped in the deadly darkness of the new Gospel, are unable to break forth into the discharge of public office in religion or in the state, to the supreme grief of their kin, the whole family is not therefore to be judged from them. From that family as many princely men, palatines and bishops, and as many other powerful senators, have flourished in the Roman Catholic faith at every time, and flourish now, as are recounted in the annals. Among them now the Most Illustrious and Most Reverend bishop of Płock, a little before vice-chancellor of the kingdom, so restrains the defenders of the new Gospel by doctrine and power that throughout his entire diocese they are permitted neither to open schools of the new Gospel nor even to open their mouths.
“Moreover, Nicolaus Firlej, a most worthy senator of the kingdom, publicly suppressed the seducers of the new Gospel by his authority and prudence in the aforesaid disputation at Lublin.
“The others whom the heresiarch reports as entangled in the errors of his Gospel are such that, in the very numerous families and ranks of their lines, which have always professed and now profess the Roman Catholic religion, they are not even noticed.
“But as for the heresiarch’s adducing one or another of the princes and counts on his own behalf, his very poverty is readily proved by the fact that out of the almost innumerable number—
—of princes, dukes, and counts he was able to recount a sufficiently scanty supply.
“For our part, against those adduced we can present to his eyes, in troops, as many men of the Roman Catholic religion as he has never seen, nor will ever be able to see, with eyes darkened by the shadows of his Gospel.
“First of all, Lesser Poland offers itself, in which the whole house of the marquises of Mirów and of the Gonzagas maintains and defends the Roman Catholic faith from antiquity.
“The whole family of the Komorowskis, counts of Árva and Liptó.
“The entire, very ancient line of the counts of Tęczyn.
“The whole family of the Lubomirskis, counts of Wiśnicz.
“The palatine himself and the castellan of Cracow, princely men in power and authority, together with all the senators, profess and maintain the Roman Catholic religion.
“In Greater Poland, moreover, the count of Górka, general of Greater Poland.
“Count Stanislaus Karnkowski of Górka, together with all the ranks of his family, professes the same religion.
“The palatine of Poznań, count of Ostroróg.
“The counts of Tarnów. All the senators, too, as many as are found in that duchy, declare themselves by daily proof to be the most ardent defenders and champions of the Roman Catholic religion.
“From the duchy of Masovia it is not expedient to recount any of the princes, senators, or nobles, since all and each of them so cherish and defend the Roman Church, embraced from antiquity, that the seducers of the new Gospel experience not only that they cannot flow in with crafty words, but that not even the journey there is safe.
“From the grand duchy of Lithuania we do not deny that two Radziwiłłs have rather frequently applied spurs to the new Gospel; but we know that far more powerful dukes of the same line, by applying the same spurs, have so driven and goaded that very new Gospel as to dispatch it, together with its defenders, all the way to hell.
“From the same duchy, those men would now gladly remove the applied spurs if they could, lest through the disturbance of the whole duchy, and with the spurs of the new Gospel applied to them, they themselves should be driven forward and trampled down. For Duke Radziwiłł, palatine of Vilnius; Duke Radziwiłł, palatine of Troki; Duke Albert Radziwiłł in Ołyka and Nieśwież; and Duke Nicolaus Radziwiłł not only have been of the Roman Catholic religion from antiquity, but have also built very many splendid churches and magnificently endowed them; they also erected a college of the Society of Jesus worthy of their name and religion.
“In the same duchy, all the dukes of the royal Jagiellonian family.
“All the dukes who derive their origin from the line of the grand dukes of Lithuania disdain even to look upon the darkness of the new Gospel down to the present day.
“Count Chodkiewicz, commander-general of the forces of that same grand duchy, persecutes the new dogma of the pestilential Gospel as vigorously as he does the enemy of his country, together with the power of his very extensive family and the whole order of senators, of whom not one is found in that duchy to be a follower of the new Gospel.
“From the duchy of Volhynia and Ruthenia: Duke Janusz Ostrogski, lord of Cracow.
“Duke Janusz Ostrogski of the same name, palatine of Volhynia.
“Duke Alexander Ostrogski, palatine of Bracław.
“Duke George of Zasław.
“All the Sanguszko dukes.
“All the Czartoryski dukes in Czartorysk.
“All the Wiśniowiecki dukes.
“Duke Constantine in Jarosław.
“Duke Janusz in Jarosław.
“All the Korecki dukes, of Korets.
“All the Koszyrski dukes.
“And the remaining ducal families deriving their origin from the grand dukes of Lithuania, Ruthenia, Masovia, Halicz, and Volodymyr—to recount their number would be idly to fill innumerable leaves—profess the Roman Catholic faith. They oppose the invaders of the new Gospel in actual fact no less than the faithless incursions of the Turks and Tatars, and, together with His Royal Majesty and all the orders of senators and dignities, strengthen and champion the Roman religion by piety, zeal, arms, and, whenever it is expedient, by life itself.”
Nor are there lacking in the most noble kingdoms of Hungary and Bohemia those to whom the ancient Catholic religion and piety are dear and who have defended it with great constancy. The diets themselves, the labor and expenditure lavished for their princes, and faith preserved amid disasters demonstrate this.
Since, therefore, this is the condition of the religions, if one attends to their defenders, one will not easily be able to overpower another by force and arms. But if arms and wars should in some measure press the Catholics, nevertheless the victors will not be able to enjoy a lasting peace, since they disagree bitterly among themselves, and there are not lacking those to whom a partnership in victory will prove burdensome.