Volume 1 · p. 146
Tractate IX, Chapter II: How all these five universals are mixed with one another
CAPUT II.
Qualiter haec omnia quinque universalia ad invicem miscentur.
Oportet autem scire quod haec quinque non tantum coincidunt omnia vel plura in unum, sed etiam inter se quodammodo commiscentur. Et hoc fit multis modis. Genus enim commiscetur aliquando cum differentia. Apprehensivum enim est quasi quaedam differentia hominis quod est rationale. Omne enim rationale apprehensivum est et non convertitur. Et similiter animatum sive habens animam est genus rationalis, et praedicatur in quid de rationali: et tunc est genus differentiae. Et patet quod accidit ei ut differentia generis superioris: animatum enim differentia est corporis quod est unum de generibus mediis. Aliquando etiam commiscetur genus cum accidente sicut color qui est genus eorum quae accidunt homini, quae sunt ut albedo, et nigredo, et hujusmodi. Haec autem compositio sive commixtio differt a prima: non enim sic potest esse, quod genus differentiae constitutivae sit genus constitutivum speciei: oportet autem quod genus accidentis sit genus accidentis ad ipsam speciem accidentis constitutivum. Genus ergo differentiae est aliquando differentia constitutiva generis vel speciei, et praeter hoc genus accidentis aliquando est accidentis generis, et aliquando speciei, sicut hoc ipsum apprehensivum est constitutivum animalis habentis apprehensionem per spiritum vel intellectum; et color est accidentis animalis et hominis, cum sit genus colorum specialium. Permixtio autem generis cum proprietate est sicut admirans in actu admirantis, quod se habet ut genus ad ridens in actu: et tunc vociferans ex appetitu se habet ut genus ad hinnibile, quod est proprium equi.
Differentia autem aliquando miscetur cum genere, sicut sensibile quod est differentia gradibilium miscetur cum rationali. Miscetur etiam aliquando cum proprietate, sicut comparatio trium ad duos rectos angulos trianguli, qui tres angulos habet aequales duobus rectis. Haec enim est differentia ejus quod est proprietas trianguli rectilinei. Aliquando autem miscetur cum accidente, sicut disgregativum visus, quod est differentia albedinis, quod accidit visui.
Proprietas etiam aliquando miscetur cum genere: gressibile enim est differentia animalis quod est genus hominis, et est proprium homini quod convenit omni non soli. Etiam aliquando miscetur cum differentia et cum specie: quia si desit proprium speciei, et cum est communior proprio species, hoc fit cum differentia fuerit communior. Cujus exemplum est dividi in duo aequalia, quod est paris numeri. Aliquando autem miscetur cum accidente communi: visibile enim est proprietas colorati, coloratum autem est accidens commune communi.
Accidens autem aliquando miscetur cum genere, nec propter hoc desinit esse accidens speciei: est enim accidens speciei, nec tamen est commune accidens generi, sed est proprietas generis: et est aliquid quod est accidens commune utrique, generi scilicet et speciei, et cum hoc etiam similiter accidens differentiae et proprietatis.
### Marginal Labels
- Genus commiscetur differentiae.
- Genus commiscetur accidenti.
- Genus commiscetur proprio.
CHAPTER II.
How all these five universals are mixed with one another.
But one must know that these five not only all, or several of them, coincide in one, but also in a certain way are mixed among themselves. And this happens in many ways. For genus is sometimes mixed with difference. For apprehensive is as it were a certain difference of man, which is rational. For every rational thing is apprehensive, and it is not converted. And similarly animated, or having a soul, is the genus of rational, and is predicated in what it is of rational; and then it is the genus of difference. And it is clear that this happens to it as the difference of a superior genus: for animated is a difference of body, which is one of the middle genera. Sometimes also genus is mixed with accident, as color, which is the genus of those things that happen to man, which are as whiteness, blackness, and things of this sort. But this composition or mixture differs from the first; for it cannot be so that the genus of a constitutive difference is the constitutive genus of a species. But it is necessary that the genus of an accident be the genus of an accident constitutive toward the very species of the accident. Therefore the genus of difference is sometimes a constitutive difference of a genus or of a species, and besides this the genus of an accident is sometimes the genus of an accident of a genus, and sometimes of a species, as this very apprehensive is constitutive of an animal having apprehension through spirit or intellect; and color is of the accident of animal and of man, since it is the genus of special colors. But the mixture of genus with property is as wondering in act is of one wondering, which relates itself as genus to laughing in act; and then making a sound from appetite relates itself as genus to neighable, which is proper to horse.
But difference is sometimes mixed with genus, as sensible, which is the difference of things that walk, is mixed with rational. It is also sometimes mixed with property, as the comparison of three to the two right angles of a triangle, which three angles it has equal to two right angles. For this is the difference of that which is the property of a rectilinear triangle. But sometimes it is mixed with accident, as disgregative of sight, which is the difference of whiteness, which happens to sight.
Property also is sometimes mixed with genus: for walkable is a difference of animal, which is the genus of man, and is proper to man, which belongs to every one and not to him alone. Also sometimes it is mixed with difference and with species, because if the proper of the species is lacking, and when the species is more common than the proper, this happens when the difference has been more common. An example of this is being divided into two equal things, which belongs to an even number. But sometimes it is mixed with a common accident: for visible is a property of colored, but colored is a common accident of what is common.
But accident is sometimes mixed with genus, nor on account of this does it cease to be an accident of species; for it is an accident of species, and yet it is not a common accident of the genus, but is a property of the genus; and it is something which is a common accident of both, namely of genus and species, and along with this likewise also an accident of difference and of property.
### Marginal Labels
- Genus is mixed with difference.
- Genus is mixed with accident.
- Genus is mixed with proper.
If a page does not appear, its photograph has not been uploaded yet.